Publication ethics expected from authors, reviewers, and editors.

Author Ethics

• Authors must submit only original work and must properly acknowledge the ideas, words, and findings of others.
• Fabrication, falsification, misleading citation practices, and manipulated data are not acceptable.
• Simultaneous submission of the same manuscript to more than one journal is not permitted.
• All conflicts of interest, funding support, or material assistance relevant to the manuscript should be disclosed.

Plagiarism Policy

The journal does not accept plagiarism, patchwriting, unattributed translation, duplicate publication, or excessive borrowing from previously published work.

• Direct copying without quotation or citation is prohibited.
• Close paraphrasing without acknowledgement is treated as plagiarism.
• Re-use of the author's own previously published material without disclosure may be treated as self-plagiarism.
• If plagiarism is detected before publication, the manuscript may be rejected. If detected after publication, the journal may issue a correction, notice, or retraction as appropriate.

Editorial and Reviewer Ethics

• Editors evaluate submissions on scholarly merit, relevance, and integrity.
• Reviewers must treat manuscripts as confidential documents.
• Reviewers should declare conflicts of interest and decline review when impartial evaluation is not possible.
• Editors may request clarification, revision, or supporting explanation when ethical concerns arise.

Complaints, Appeals, and Misconduct Handling

• Authors may communicate complaints or appeals to the editorial office for reasoned review.
• The journal may investigate concerns relating to plagiarism, authorship disputes, fabricated material, duplicate submission, or reviewer misconduct.
• Where needed, the journal may request explanations, documentary clarification, or revised files before making a final determination.

Authorship, Data, Corrections, and Retractions

• Only genuine contributors should be listed as authors, and all authors should approve the submitted manuscript.
• If a submission relies on underlying data, translations, field records, or source material, authors should be prepared to clarify their provenance when asked.
• The journal may publish corrections when a published record needs clarification or repair.
• Retractions or public notices may be issued where serious ethical or factual problems materially affect the integrity of the publication.